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The Point of Diminishing Returns

By: The Baron

Two quick facts:

1.  I live in Utah

2.  I know *lots* of people who smoke.

#1 and #2 considered together may surprise some, considering Utah's reputation, but it's true:  Utah has lots of smokers.  I see them every day: at work, outside of stores, and on the road.  I don't know how statistically Utah ranks in smokers per capita, but by my unscientific count, Utah is nowhere near the bottom.

What Utah is certainly #1 in (again, in my unscientific, unsubstantiated opinion), is anti-smoking ads per capita.  Everywhere you look, there are billboards and TV commercials all of which in very direct and plain language proclaim smoking to be unhealthy, destructive, and downright evil, and that you (the viewer) need to QUIT SMOKING NOW!!!!

Now, I drive the same roads and see the same TV broadcasts as those Utah smokers, so I *know* that they see those anti-smoking messages just as I do.   Which leads one to wonder:  do anti-smoking messages have the desired effect?  Certainly there are lots of people who are exposed to constant suggestions that smoking is bad...yet smoke anyway.  (Yes, part of this is due to smoking being addictive, but is not the only reason).

There is clearly a point of diminishing returns where increased exposure does not produce increased results, and one wonders if, in Utah in particular, the anti-smoking campaign has already passed it.   Say someone who currently smokes happens to see five anti-smoking messages per day in Utah; if you spent more money and exposed them to TEN anti-smoking messages per day now, would they then be twice as likely to quit?  I think not.

It's likely, in fact, that doubling or tripling the current number of anti-smoking ads would probably not have any impact on the number of smokers, because (one would think) IF a smoker was one to be influenced and encouraged to quit by anti-smoking ads, wouldn't the present quantity be enough to do so already?

This principle came to mind as I listened to the Priesthood/Relief Society lesson this last week from the Spencer W. Kimball manual about Chastity.

If you've been in the Church for any length of time, you've heard talks, lessons, and messages about chastity.  Probably many, many talks, lessons and messages about chastity, particularly if you're under 25 and/or single.

Have chastity lessons passed the point of diminishing returns?  If the number of talks and lessons on chastity were doubled, would the number of chastity problems in the church decrease?  If they were reduced by half, would chastity problems increase?  Or would they be about the same either way?

Please note, I'm not minimizing the seriousness of the Law of Chastity, nor criticizing Pres. Kimball's own words on the matter.  Sexual sin is one of the most pressing problems in society and in the Church today--it's arguable that actions related to chastity (in terms of teen pregnancies, broken families due to adultery, etc) are a greater factor in families living in poverty today than violence.  But how do you tackle the problem?

Most smokers know smoking is bad--they don't need a billboard to tell them.  Likewise, Church members who fall into chastity-related temptations have probably already heard a lesson or two (or seven) on chastity before.  Would one or two more chastity talks have made a difference to them in avoiding sin?  Or, like smokers, do they pretty much already know it's bad...but end up doing it anyway?  If so, what can you do?

One of the most absurd things I ever witnessed was on my mission.  It was the second week of the month and I had just been transferred to a new ward.  The talks in sacrament meeting that week were on tithing.  When we returned to church the following Sunday, all the talks in sacrament meeting were also on tithing.  The next week, all the sacrament talks were STILL on tithing.  Then we got a break for fast and testimony meeting.  Then, amazingly, we attended sacrament meeting and discovered that the sacrament talks were on...tithing, and continued to be on tithing for the next THREE weeks.  (I have the sneaking suspicion that (1) tithing was a problem in that ward, and that (2) the bishop was asking all the active members who were NOT full tithe payers to give the talks...)

Did it work?  I have no idea.  Perhaps those members giving the talks got a 'kick in the butt', but do you think there were members who would have started paying tithing faithfully after six weeks of tithing talks that wouldn't have after only, say, four?  Doubtful... 

One of my co-workers is a former smoker, who said in the end it was his family who encouraged him to quit--not some random billboard put up by a faceless organization with an unknown agenda.   This suggests it's partly the messenger not just the message that makes the difference between hearing and listening.  The more one respects Pres. Kimball's authority and position as prophet, and/or understands his concern and care for Church members' well-being, the more one has the potential to take the message seriously to heart, even if it is not fundamentally different than the other eight talks on chastity you may have heard in the last year.  (And by the same token, lessons--for or against--chastity learned in the home from family are probably far more influential than firesides from strangers you've never met.)

Still, it's interesting to note that just saying something twice as often--or twice as loudly--does not make someone twice as likely to listen...

Print | posted on Tuesday, September 11, 2007 8:25 AM | Filed Under [ The Baron ]

Comments:

#1: Belladonna

Great post, Baron. You sparked my thinking on several fronts.

Thought 1 - The MESSENGER determines the impact of the message more than the frequency / volume/ intensity of the message. I wholeheartedly agree with this premise.
I learned this for the first time years ago when I was doing my undergrad degree. I participated in an International Relations club that was involved in a model United Nations conference. Each of the community colleges across the western United States was assigned a different country. We had 6 weeks to study our nation's policies and write proposals for actions we wanted the UN to take. I happened to be assigned as Commissioner on the Status of Women for the nation of Israel. I worked HARD to craft the best policy statement I could and merrily marched off to Palo, Alto for the conference. It was an exciting event with students from all over the world since international students were highly drawn to this activity. When my turn came I marched up to the podium and started to speak at which point about a third of the participants got up and walked out. They could not listen to me because their nations did not acknowledge the right of Israel to be a state. It didn't matter if they agreed or disagreed with the premise of my policy statement. They could not hear me because of who I was. That stung!

The next time this point was driven home was when I had a job in the early 90's doing HIV/AIDS intervention work. I was implementing a grant based program called "Opinion Leader Social change". My job was to identfy key people within various pocket populations (gay men, IV drug users, women who sell sex, etc.) and get THEM to support risk reduction activities (ie - condoms, needle exchange, etc.) as they talked with their various peer groups. As the straight-Christian-White-chick tromping through the back alleys of Benton Harbor, Michigan I was never going to have a whole lot of credibility with most folks. But by making alliances with some key people I was able to get communities to listen, and hopefully change behavior that could mean the difference between life and death. I had a lot of bizarre experiences in that job and saw some stuff that blew my mind, to be sure. But I learned a lot and hopefully helped some folks along the way.

I think anyone who has an ounce of critical thinking will assess the SOURCE of a message in determining whether or not to give it any credence.

Whether or not repeat messages make an impact...I believe they do. It has been repetition of countless media images which have set the social tone of smoking being glamorous. Changing social norms does not happen overnight. Also, people become susceptible to receiving a message through lots of complex different influences. I have heard umpteen million church talks on "honesty" throughout my life, but then one day a certain High Council talk on the topic just HIT ME with such a force of the Holy Ghost witnessing the truth of his words that it radically changed how I viewed personal integrity for the rest of my life. So I think it DOES make sense to keep on going and going and going like the energizer bunny with messages that are of importance to God.

That being said, whether or not BILLBOARDS are the most effective way of doing that in terms of anti-smoking messages is questionable. Also, the repeat focus on tithing talks you speak of from your mission does sound a bit bizarre, and for some I would suspect was COUNTER productive.
9/11/2007 11:12 AM

#2: Nitsav

Insightful comments, Baron and Bella.
9/11/2007 12:29 PM

#3: cantinflas

Actually, you're very wrong about Utah not being in the bottom. See here: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5444a3.htm
9/11/2007 2:16 PM

#4: The Baron

Well, there you go... (I hadn't bothered looking it up, first)

The 'counter-productive' issue is an interesting one--beyond the point of diminishing returns is probably a 'point of backlash' where you might actually START smoking (or consider it) just because 'everyone' is telling you you shouldn't.

Certainly there have been a lot of Mormon youth who smoke (or get tattoos, or tongue piercings) not because they really feel it's fundamentally important and meaningful in their life, but because they can 'rebel' against their parents and the general conservative Church culture by doing so...
9/11/2007 3:40 PM

#5: Belladonna

One more thing on the multiple talks on tithing...Several years ago I spent some time on a remote island (Nacula) of Fiji. There were just two small villages, no roads, no cars, no electricity. Bliss! While there I attended the local church - I think it was Methodist, but don't remember for sure. It was all in Fijian language, so I didn't understand a word. Sounded like hellfire and brimstone to me. The choir was magnificent!! But one of the things that facinated me was the way they dealt with tithing. The minister came down to the front of the room and pulled out a big fat book. One by one he called people up by name. They paid their offering and he recorded it in the book. Gadzooks! I guess that method of accountability would either increase offerings or decrease attendance!
9/11/2007 5:54 PM

#6: Ray

You never know exactly when someone will hear something and have it click - like Belladonna's case at the end of her comment. Also, while it is true that active Mormon youth have heard chastity preached over and over and over again in church, you also never know when an inactive, sexually active youth or an investigator who hasn't heard the message previously will be sitting in the class the 58th time the active kids hear the message.

Look at the extensive statistics on adherents.com about Utah and Mormons; I have a hard time questioning the effectiveness of the multiple messages when the difference in the stats on so many basic issues is so strikingly obvious.
9/11/2007 10:07 PM

#7: Eric Nielson

This caused me to think about missionaries and my mission. Missionaries get transferred every couple of months typically. And they often have little time to extablish meaningful relationships. Might they have more success if they stayed in the same area longer? Now that we are raising the bar on missionaries, is there less of a reason to move them around?

On my mission I took some things to seriously. I tired to be the ideal missionary. So I laid aside Eric and became Elder Nielson. My relationships were missionary/member, missionary/investigator, missionary/companion. Very no-nonsense. Perhaps I could have been more effective if I had allowd myself to be a bit more Eric and a bit less Elder Nielson, and developed better relationships instead of just passing along information.
9/12/2007 6:46 AM

#8: Tanya

I would like to think that the messages are geared toward teenagers. I know that they are anti-smoking, quit smoking, but can it have some effect on not starting smoking. I think I heard somewhere that in California where they put a great deal of money in antismoking adds, the rate of teenagers starting to smoke went down. I do believe the messanger means more, but what about people that don't have that kind of support

I do know that as a nurse I took care of a patient with congestive heat problems and died of a massive MI. He was a smoker, started at a very, very, very young age, (I mean younger than 10, way younger than 10). He was told many time to stop but never could. His family never understood why, but how can you when everyone else there is pulling smoke around you when you need to quit?
9/12/2007 3:35 PM

#9: a random John

Baron,

You kidding about the smoking right? I've lived on both coasts and traveled extensively and I have yet to find a place with as little smoking as Utah. In California there is a huge anti-smoking sentiment but there is still a lot of smoking there. Much of it by immigrants (from all sorts of countries, Indian, other parts of Asia, Mexico) but there is plenty of smoking in the non-immigrant population as well.

How about we look to the north? Lots of smoking in Canada in my experience.

Mexico? Lots of smoking.

The South? Constant smoking.

Europe? Ha!

Asia? You've got to be kidding?

Vegas?

While I agree that hitting a variety of gospel topics at Church is important your perception that there is a lot of smoking in Utah compared to other places strikes me as evidence that you yourself are smoking something.
9/14/2007 9:21 PM

#10: Tess Prior

Really interesting post, Baron.

I’d like to address the chastity issue you’ve brought up in relation to the smoking issue. When you pick up your first cigarette, your body will have a reaction that shows you it’s not good for you. Like coughing. Not so with overstepping those chastity lines. Our bodies were built to want to overstep them.

Having said that, I think that it’s good to address the issue of chastity frequently so long as an extension of discussions on forming and developing Christ-like relationships. If it’s the fire & brimstone approach mentioned by Belladonna, I would argue that it’s more detrimental than helpful. I have had much too many of these. And, I think they were more harmful to my perception and understanding of human intimacy than they were helpful.

Whatever the topic, we need to focus not just on the act (i.e. tithing, the word of wisdom, chastity) but on the gospel truth that underlies that act; the principle; the reason we choose to do or not do something. We’ll never feel the Spirit or be compelled to change our habits if we just focus on the action and its consequences. We have to link the action and its consequences to the governing truth that it stems from.

9/16/2007 9:58 AM

#11: Belladonna

I have to agree with Tess, if we have a big enough WHY, the HOW will fall into place.

Human motivation is complicated business. Some would argue that we are ruled by the carrot and the stick...lured toward those things that give us pleasure and cringing away from the consequences of things we have learned to associate with pain. Our animal nature may be prone to some of that core conditioning. But I am convinced that the whole point of agency and higher level thinking that people are endowed with is to give us the ability to choose in different directions than what our body craves.

I think it was understanding this that led Jospeh Smith to say "I teach them correct principles and let them govern themselves." By the way, there's some intruguing discussion of that over at Mormon Metaphysics.</a>
9/16/2007 3:59 PM

#12: Norbert

Actually, anti-smoking ads (and warning labels on products) do work, and like all advertising, they work better when viewed often. I don't have time to link the research, but there are loads of studies on this, especially regarding teens. What's more, there is a good understanding of what kind of advertising tends to work best.

Different talks on the same topic might give different aspects of understanding the law and touch different people in different ways. I've heard a thousand talks on home storage, but I heard one in the last year that touched me spiritually in a way that resulted in me purchasing several alrge water containers.
9/21/2007 12:04 AM

#13: Stady Canton

Repetition's benefits are in the eyes of the beholder, I suppose. If I view someone as meddlesome, the more s/he lectures me about something, the less likely I am to agree with or take action on that particular idea. I know there are plenty of people in Utah for whom anything involving the LDS Church is seen as "cramming their religion down my throat". Call it pride or principle, some want very much to always conform to nonconformity.

Perhaps the issue then, is determining which audience is the more important target, those for whom repetition is necessary for change or those who immediately tune out when the subjects turn up. Since the latter group always has the chance to change perspective, repeated lessons (and billboards) are here to stay.
9/21/2007 12:52 PM

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